The words in the heading of this article, are lifted from a front page news item in the Daily News of Monday, February 02, 2021; which reads as follows: “President Magufuli yesterday promoted High Court Judge Zephrine Galeba to be Justice of the Court of Appeal of Tanzania, after becoming the first Judge to deliver a judgment in the Kiswahili language. It was a fitting reward for Justice Galeba, following his bold decision to use Kiswahili, instead of English, while delivering a judgment on a labour dispute in Musoma recently”. President Magufuli announced this decision in his speech while officiating at the annual ‘Law Day’ celebrations in Dodoma. In his speech, the President described Justice Galeba as “a Kiswahili hero within the Judiciary, for departing from the existing rules after writing his judgment in the national language”. This little episode has motivated me to revisit President Nyerere’s determined efforts to promote the use of Kiswahili in all Government operations.
A brief resume of Nyerere’s efforts.
Tanzania’s founder President Mwalimu Julius Nyerere showed his determination to promote the use of Kiswahili in all government operations right from the beginning of his Presidency, in January 1963; when he issued an Executive Order, directing the use of Kiswahili in all Government operations where possible. And, presumably, as a precursor to the coming directive; he himself delivered his opening address to the first Parliament of the new Republic of Tanganyika on 10th December, 1962, in Kiswahili.
A brief resume of Nyerere’s efforts.
Tanzania’s founder President Mwalimu Julius Nyerere showed his determination to promote the use of Kiswahili in all government operations right from the beginning of his Presidency, in January 1963; when he issued an Executive Order, directing the use of Kiswahili in all Government operations where possible. And, presumably, as a precursor to the coming directive; he himself delivered his opening address to the first Parliament of the new Republic of Tanganyika on 10th December, 1962, in Kiswahili.
Thereafter, in a rapid response to the Kiswahili Presidential directive, the National Assembly formally resolved, on 12th February, 1963, to adopt Kiswahili as the official communication medium in the House. I had just been appointed the first Tanzanian Clerk of the National Assembly on 9th December, 1962. Thus, the implementation of this resolution became my responsibility. To start with, we had to find a Kiswahili translation for the word “Parliament”. I then remembered the Liganda language word for “Parliament”, which is “Bulange”. In my young intellectual ingenuity, I removed the middle “la” from that Luganda word, and remained with “BUNGE”; which I then recommended should be the Kiswahili word for “Parliament”. This was readily accepted. I then turned to the bigger task, of setting up of an entirely new system for producing the official records of the Parliamentary proceedings, the “Hansard Reports”.
Prior to the Presidential Kiswahili directive, all the proceedings of the National Assembly were being conducted only in the English language, for which task we had a team of competent shorthand stenographers. The immediate challenge was that no shorthand characters had been developed for the Kiswahili language, and therefore there were no trained Kiswahili shorthand stenographers available anywhere on the job market.
Prior to the Presidential Kiswahili directive, all the proceedings of the National Assembly were being conducted only in the English language, for which task we had a team of competent shorthand stenographers. The immediate challenge was that no shorthand characters had been developed for the Kiswahili language, and therefore there were no trained Kiswahili shorthand stenographers available anywhere on the job market.
We thus had to embark on establishing a completely new system of using ‘audio-typists’, i.e. persons who would take audio recordings of the House proceedings, and later have their recordings transcribed into typewritten scripts. With the help and full support of the Civil Service Department, and the ‘Organization and Methods’ Unit of the Treasury; all this was done and accomplished in a relatively short period of time; which enabled us to avoid postponing any of the subsequent scheduled sessions of the National Assembly, merely for ‘lack of preparedness’.
With regard to the Judiciary, available records show that the higher level courts were allowed to use Kiswahili in the conduct of its proceedings (but not the writing of its Judgments), on May 16th, 1973. This is the strict barrier that was boldly removed by Justice Galeba’s action, which deservedly earned him promotion to the Court of Appeal.
President Nyerere’s personal efforts in promoting Kiswahili.
President Nyerere was certainly very keen on promoting the use of Kiswahili; but I have personal evidence to show that he had no intention of replacing English with Kiswahili as the medium of instruction in our institutions of education. In April 1974, The TANU National Executive Committee was scheduled to consider and adopt a new policy document, which would abolish the system of direct entry to University immediately after successful completion of Form Six secondary education; and introducing an intervening period of two ears National Service training, plus the acquisition of some specified work experience, before entry into University.
With regard to the Judiciary, available records show that the higher level courts were allowed to use Kiswahili in the conduct of its proceedings (but not the writing of its Judgments), on May 16th, 1973. This is the strict barrier that was boldly removed by Justice Galeba’s action, which deservedly earned him promotion to the Court of Appeal.
President Nyerere’s personal efforts in promoting Kiswahili.
President Nyerere was certainly very keen on promoting the use of Kiswahili; but I have personal evidence to show that he had no intention of replacing English with Kiswahili as the medium of instruction in our institutions of education. In April 1974, The TANU National Executive Committee was scheduled to consider and adopt a new policy document, which would abolish the system of direct entry to University immediately after successful completion of Form Six secondary education; and introducing an intervening period of two ears National Service training, plus the acquisition of some specified work experience, before entry into University.
A very small team, which included myself and Minister of Education Simon Chiwanga, had been assigned the task of preparing the relevant policy document which was to be discussed at that NEC meeting. Minister Chiwanga had suggested that we include in the draft of that document, the proposal that Kiswahili “shall be progressively introduced to replace English, as the language of instruction in all our institutions of secondary and tertiary education”.
We all agreed, and did that. But when we submitted the draft to President Nyerere for his review and comments before its finalization; he instructed us to delete that part of the draft; because, in his own words: “we cannot avoid training our students in English. English is the Kiswahili of the world today”.
Mwalimu Nyerere’s personal efforts in promoting Kiswahili, are best illustrated in his sustained endeavours to provide proof that the Kiswahili language is also capable of being used even in the highly sophisticated academic and other scholarly undertakings, when he translated into Kiswahili some of the ancient and renowned scholastic tomes, such as the Holy Bible’s Four Gospels (the New Testament), to which he gave the Kiswahili title “TENZI ZA BIBLIA”; plus two of William Shakespeare’s famous Plays , JULIUS CAESAR, and THE MERCHANT OF VENICE.
There are two astonishing aspects in relation to Mwalimu Nyerere’s undertaking in making these translations. One is how Mwalimu Nyerere was able to render more than 500 lines of dense Shakespearian old English verse into Kiswahili; thus providing adequate proof of the expansive richness of our Kiswahili language. But the other, and perhaps more intriguing aspect, is how Mwalimu Nyerere was actually able to find the time carry out these arduous tasks, given the fact that he was, at that same time, heavily engaged in the more substantive and heavily demanding day-to-day tasks, of managing the socio-political and economic development of the new Tanzanian nation; plus spearheading the Pan-African efforts to eliminate colonialism from the whole of the African continent. This outstanding achievement, I humbly suggest, should be taken as a pertinent lesson for the current leadership generation, many of whom tend to (falsely) claim that because of their full-time job preoccupations in the public service; “they have no spare time” for reading or writing books!
The contribution of Kiswahili to Tanzania’s nation building efforts.
President Nyerere’s eagerness to promote Kiswahili, may indeed have been based primarily on his sincere love for this language, which is sufficiently evidenced by his early adventures into the exclusive field of Kiswahili poetry; for example, when he wrote this lovely independence piece, titled: “Kunakucha kulichele, na kulala kukomele”, in welcoming the imminent arrival of country’s independence, in 1961.
Mwalimu Nyerere’s personal efforts in promoting Kiswahili, are best illustrated in his sustained endeavours to provide proof that the Kiswahili language is also capable of being used even in the highly sophisticated academic and other scholarly undertakings, when he translated into Kiswahili some of the ancient and renowned scholastic tomes, such as the Holy Bible’s Four Gospels (the New Testament), to which he gave the Kiswahili title “TENZI ZA BIBLIA”; plus two of William Shakespeare’s famous Plays , JULIUS CAESAR, and THE MERCHANT OF VENICE.
There are two astonishing aspects in relation to Mwalimu Nyerere’s undertaking in making these translations. One is how Mwalimu Nyerere was able to render more than 500 lines of dense Shakespearian old English verse into Kiswahili; thus providing adequate proof of the expansive richness of our Kiswahili language. But the other, and perhaps more intriguing aspect, is how Mwalimu Nyerere was actually able to find the time carry out these arduous tasks, given the fact that he was, at that same time, heavily engaged in the more substantive and heavily demanding day-to-day tasks, of managing the socio-political and economic development of the new Tanzanian nation; plus spearheading the Pan-African efforts to eliminate colonialism from the whole of the African continent. This outstanding achievement, I humbly suggest, should be taken as a pertinent lesson for the current leadership generation, many of whom tend to (falsely) claim that because of their full-time job preoccupations in the public service; “they have no spare time” for reading or writing books!
The contribution of Kiswahili to Tanzania’s nation building efforts.
President Nyerere’s eagerness to promote Kiswahili, may indeed have been based primarily on his sincere love for this language, which is sufficiently evidenced by his early adventures into the exclusive field of Kiswahili poetry; for example, when he wrote this lovely independence piece, titled: “Kunakucha kulichele, na kulala kukomele”, in welcoming the imminent arrival of country’s independence, in 1961.
But Mwalimu Nyerere also had a more fundamental reason for promoting Kiswahili, which is that in the area of the country’s governance, Kiswahili actually contributed immensely to promote the enthusiastic acceptance of new policy initiatives, and thus made their enforcement very much easier. This happened when new Kiswahili words or phrases were introduced to hammer home the real meaning, and implication, of the relevant policy initiatives. For example, the introduction of the phrases “Uhuru na Umoja”, and “Uhuru ni kazi”, helped to facilitate the emergence of a common understanding among the public, of the true meaning and implication of the country’s UHURU.
Similarly, at the time of the inauguration of TANU’s ‘Ujamaa and Self-reliance policies’; a variety of new Kiswahili words were introduced, such as “Ubepari”, Ukabaila, Unyonyaji; plus new phrases such as “Ubepari ni Unyama” and “Usiwe kupe, jitegemee”. Such new words and phrases not only greatly enriched the Kiswahili language itself; but, in addition, they also created a deeper public understanding of the implied meaning of those messages; and consequently, they generated a correspondingly higher compliance level, by creating a kind of ‘imperative requirement’ to adhere to the instructions contained in those messages.
President Magufuli’s entry onto stage.
President John Pombe Magufuli is himself also a keen lover of Kiswahili, for he always proudly uses it even on occasions such as official State banquets normally hosted for foreign Heads of State (unfortunately, his ethnic Kisukuma orientation routinely misleads him into making clear grammatical mistakes of creating non-existent plural forms for words which, in fact, exist only in the singular; such as ma-umeme, ma-mifugo, ma-samaki !).
President Magufuli’s entry onto stage.
President John Pombe Magufuli is himself also a keen lover of Kiswahili, for he always proudly uses it even on occasions such as official State banquets normally hosted for foreign Heads of State (unfortunately, his ethnic Kisukuma orientation routinely misleads him into making clear grammatical mistakes of creating non-existent plural forms for words which, in fact, exist only in the singular; such as ma-umeme, ma-mifugo, ma-samaki !).
Thus, there was really no surprise when, in his closing speech on 18th August, 2019 at the end of the 39th Southern African Development Commission (SADCC) Heads of State Summit; President John Magufuli (who at that time was the SADC Chairman), announced that SADC “had accepted Kiswahili as one of the official working languages”.
Many keen observers were not surprised by that announcement, because they just assumed that this was the successful outcome of his personal endeavours to “internationalize” the Kiswahili language; and that this was the positive result of his success in persuading his colleagues to accept Kiswahili. And this assumption was buttressed by the fact that prior to the said Summit meeting, during the month of May, 2019; President Magufuli had made official State visits to the countries of South Africa, Namibia, and Zimbabwe, in that order; ostensibly for the purpose of “strengthening our diplomatic relations with the relevant countries”.
Tanzania’s current policy on ‘diplomatic relations’ puts the greatest emphasis on “economic diplomacy” (diplomasia ya uchumi). Thus, for example, during his official talks his host, President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa; President Magufuli vigorously embarked upon marketing the Kiswahili language, in the course of which he secured an excellent ‘deal’ in the form of a huge market for the supply of Kiswahili teachers, and Kiswahili books, to South Africa from Tanzania. It is thus reasonable to assume that President Magufuli must have extended his Kiswahili salesmanship and promotion to all the other Heads of State of the countries which he visited during that tour.
In his speech at the closing of the SADC 39th Summit referred to above, President Magufuli had explained further that “this acceptance of Kiswahili is a great honour to Tanzania’s founding father, Mwalimu Julius Nyerere, who played a very crucial role in the struggle for the liberation of many of the countries in Southern Africa by facilitating the training of large numbers of their freedom fighters to be undertaken here in Tanzania, in the course of which they learnt Kiswahili and used it as their common language of communication”.
In his speech at the closing of the SADC 39th Summit referred to above, President Magufuli had explained further that “this acceptance of Kiswahili is a great honour to Tanzania’s founding father, Mwalimu Julius Nyerere, who played a very crucial role in the struggle for the liberation of many of the countries in Southern Africa by facilitating the training of large numbers of their freedom fighters to be undertaken here in Tanzania, in the course of which they learnt Kiswahili and used it as their common language of communication”.
It is one of President Magufuli’s attributes that he never stops complementing Mwalimu Nyerere, whenever and wherever the opportunity arises for doing so. But it is, indeed, most gratifying to note, that these grand efforts by our Heads of State to promote Kiswahili, are being actively shared by many other Tanzanian individuals and Institutions; which thus fully guarantees their sustainability.
For example, the publication, in recent times, of many Kiswahili books by Tanzanian authors, is sufficient testimony to this assertion. And the compilation and publication of an English/Kiswahili Dictionary by the University of Dar es Salaam; plus the commendable work in this respect which is being undertaken by that University’s Kiswahili Department.
piomsekwa@gmail.com/0754767576.
piomsekwa@gmail.com/0754767576.
Source: Daily News and Cde Dr Msekwa himself.
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